Philosophy of Rouseau and Lord of the Flies by William...

Living in modern societies, it can be difficult to decipher what person would be like in a natural state; without civilizations, rules, and punishments for misbehavior. Does society corrupt our morals or does it keep us civil? The philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that people are inherently good. Without civilizations, humans are good beings with empathy, kindness, and well-developed morals. However, he believed that societies corrupt our morals and are what make the change in us to become â€Å"evil† or â€Å"bad†. The author of the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding, however, believed that in a primitive environment, humans are evil. Without a society watching over us, humans will become barbaric brutes. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (born 1712) was a philosopher whose beliefs were that humans, in a natural, primitive state without the influence of any societies, are good beings. People’s â€Å"uncorrupted morals† are not washed away when they are without societies. Rousseau also believed that a society is what corrupts a human. He believed â€Å"ownership† of land or property is a lie, because the products of Earth are for all humans to share, saying: The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said This is mine, and found people naà ¯ve enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society. From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up

International Mobility of Australian University Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the International Mobility of Australian University Students. Answer: Introduction The mainstay of the services export from Australia happens to be the international education exports which are the third largest earners of foreign exchange after commodities like iron ore and coal. In the recent times, Australia has been increasingly chosen by the global students as a favored choice for pursuing higher education abroad. Thus, it becomes necessary to study the trends witnessed in this sector over the last few years so that any perceived bottlenecks either on a national or regional basis can be well understood and the revenues generated can be further increased. In the above background, the given essay aims to demonstrate the use of host of statistical tools which have been deployed in the given article to increase the information value and relevance for the reader. Discussion The data summarized in the article chosen has been sources from ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). It is apparent that all the variables defined have numerical values coupled with a precise and clear definition of zero and corresponding point thus imply the at the data belongs to the ratio type (Flick, 2015). For summarizing the given data, a host of graphical illustrations have been utilized coupled with use of various techniques available under the aegis of descriptive statistics. The exports from Australia has been sub-divided on a regional basis which provided information about the current exports and then based on the regional potential suitable measures to augment the same may be taken. Further, the recipients of these exports have been also clearly identified and presented which is a useful data to estimate future numbers (Hair et. al., 2015). A high utility exists for this information as the same may be used both by the government along with universities in order to promo te the educational services further to the correct audience i.e. students who would be interested and also offer solutions to enable them to avail these services. Further, the policy initiatives taken previously by the government and the universities can be suitably modified using the actual comparison and deviation from estimated numbers (Hillier, 2006). The article uses descriptive statistics as the prime focus of the article is to describe the various aspects of the population also and develop a time series comparison so as to put the current numbers into perspective for the users to understand the underlying trends. Also, various graphs are aiding in summarizing the aspects of the population (Hastie, Tibshirani. Friedman, 2011). Besides, the graphical and tabular representation also allow for universities to take dedicated measures for increasing the overall exports of education services. There is no scope for inferential statistics use as the focus is solely on describing the characteristics of the population data and thus no inferences need to be drawn from any samples (Hillier, 2006). The given article does not employ any measure of central tendency but also extensively used variation techniques. One of the critical ones in this regard is the computation of yearly variation in the shares of not only the various importers of international education services but also in the total dollar amount of exports of educational services (Flick, 2015). Through the variation analysis, the relative trend in the growth rate of the various importing countries has been recorded which enables to identify the nations which have an increasing or decreasing share. The government and universities need to analyze the potential issues faced by nations whose share is declining so as to provide a boost to the education exports. A potential improvement in the given article pertains to representation of previous year figures for the regional breakup of the education exports which will allow making comparison of the regional performance and taking requisite measures (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). Summary The importance of the international education exports in the Australian context is well established in the given article. The trend analysis in terms of education exports on a periodic basis enables derivation of maximum revenues from this particular aspect. The source of data is ABS while the data type is ratio. The statistics to be used is descriptive statistics since the objective is to summarize the population characteristics by employing graphical illustrations along with extensive usage of variation so as to derive key trends which can then be used for decision making by the critical stakeholders especially the government and university. Also, the reader can understand the regional breakup of international education services being offered currently and if in this regard previous year estimates were also offered, then the same could have been used for evaluating the performance of the various regions using variation as the enabler. References Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A. (2015).Quantitative methods in business research, 3rd ed., London: Sage Publications. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project, 4th ed., New York: Sage Publications. Hair, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., and Page, M. J. (2015).Essentials of business research methods, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. and Friedman, J. (2011).The Elements of Statistical Learning, 4th ed., New York: Springer Publications. Hillier, F. (2006), Introduction to Operations Research, 6th ed., New York: McGraw Hill Publications.

Physical Graffiti - Hope For Led Zeppelin free essay sample

Some of us dont like heavy metal groups. We dont understand one word they sing and dont want to for that matter. Some of us dont like Vanilla Ice, NWA, and the rest of the rap scene either. In fact, some us find it difficult to stop ourselves from either laughing hysterically or crying when we see their concert videos played on MTV. If you envision a concert that you would actually enjoy as having more to offer than the usual lip-synched Top 40 hits, there is hope. If you would rather see Led Zeppelin play classics like Kashmir and Rock and Roll than see Poison sing Your Momma Dont Dance and ruin your evening like a dose of cyanide (pun intended), I suggest that you do go see Led Zeppelin play. We all know that this isnt possible because lead singer Robert Plant has gone solo, guitarist Jimmy Page looks too old these days to even pick up the guitar with which he once made us dazed and confused, and Jon Bonham has seen his better days pass, to say the least. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Graffiti Hope For Led Zeppelin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the cover band named Physical Graffiti can give you the next best thing. I have known about this band for some time, but until recently, ignored their very existence because of my stubbornness and love for the original group. Last year, however, I happened to be in Rhode Island where they were to play and so decided to go with my friend and watch them kill all my favorite songs. To say I was surprised to see them play every note just as I would imagine the real Led Zeppelin playing it, would be a major understatement! I was expecting cheap imitators and I was given good musicians who not only sounded the same, but also looked like the original group as well. The guitarist was very good, but I felt as if no one could fill Jimmy Pages shoes. The lead singer, however, was just as good as the real Robert Plant. Expecting an Axl Rose-like scream instead of a voice, I was shocked to hear this guy crank out high notes perfectly. Everyone there was really getting into it. It was a good time as well as a great concert! Physical Graffiti will be coming to the Boston area at least twice this year, so if you enjoy classic rock n roll, I recommend that you catch their act. So, you see, Led Zeppelin fans there is hope. n

Free Essays on Affirative Action

All over the world, disparities between the rich and poor, even in the wealthiest of nations is rising sharply. Fewer people are becoming increasingly â€Å"successful† and wealthy while a disproportionately larger population is also becoming even poorer. There are many issues involved when looking at poverty. It is not simply enough (or correct) to say that the poor are poor due to their own (or their government’s) bad governance and management. In fact, you could quite easily conclude that the poor are poor because the rich are rich and have the power to enforce trade agreements, which favor their interests more than the proper nations. This is a very serious problem in our society today. Poverty is everywhere and it needs to reduced so that our economy will be more stabilized and balanced that it has been. What does it mean to be poor? What does it mean to describe a nation as â€Å"developing†? A lack of material wealth does not define one as deprived. A strong economy in a developed nation does not mean much when a significant percentage or a majority of the population is struggling to survive. Development usually implies an improvement in living standards such that a person has enough food, water, and clothing, a stable social environment, freedom, and basic rights to have a fair chance for a decent life. Is this actually progress? On the other hand, are we fooled into believing that it is? The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services placed the poverty level for a family of four at $16,450 in 1998, and the poverty rate in 1996, according to the HHS, was 13.7 percent, or 36.5 million Americans. (Egendorf: 1999, 12). Is there really a way to measure poverty, and to decide exactly what poverty is? Hunger, income level, housing and the economy’s condition of the working poor are just a few example of what needs to be considered when measuring the poverty levels in our nation. Poverty expands and contracts and its defini... Free Essays on Affirative Action Free Essays on Affirative Action All over the world, disparities between the rich and poor, even in the wealthiest of nations is rising sharply. Fewer people are becoming increasingly â€Å"successful† and wealthy while a disproportionately larger population is also becoming even poorer. There are many issues involved when looking at poverty. It is not simply enough (or correct) to say that the poor are poor due to their own (or their government’s) bad governance and management. In fact, you could quite easily conclude that the poor are poor because the rich are rich and have the power to enforce trade agreements, which favor their interests more than the proper nations. This is a very serious problem in our society today. Poverty is everywhere and it needs to reduced so that our economy will be more stabilized and balanced that it has been. What does it mean to be poor? What does it mean to describe a nation as â€Å"developing†? A lack of material wealth does not define one as deprived. A strong economy in a developed nation does not mean much when a significant percentage or a majority of the population is struggling to survive. Development usually implies an improvement in living standards such that a person has enough food, water, and clothing, a stable social environment, freedom, and basic rights to have a fair chance for a decent life. Is this actually progress? On the other hand, are we fooled into believing that it is? The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services placed the poverty level for a family of four at $16,450 in 1998, and the poverty rate in 1996, according to the HHS, was 13.7 percent, or 36.5 million Americans. (Egendorf: 1999, 12). Is there really a way to measure poverty, and to decide exactly what poverty is? Hunger, income level, housing and the economy’s condition of the working poor are just a few example of what needs to be considered when measuring the poverty levels in our nation. Poverty expands and contracts and its defini...

A theoretical element of media violence

A theoretical element of media violence Various hypotheses have been offered to describe processes of influence which violent TV might have on childrens behavior. All I can do here is to refer to some of these proposed processes briefly. No single process is likely to offer an adequate explanation. Short-Term Influences Modeling/Imitation: Social learning theorists (such as Bandura) emphasize the observational learning of particular kinds of aggression from a model. Those who employ this argument see film and TV characters as models from whom children learn behavior which may be imitated in everyday life. Unless they had seen the film The Deer Hunter the American teenagers who killed themselves with randomly loaded revolvers (as in the films grisly game of Russian roulette) might not have done so. In such cases, simple imitation of media violence is widely cited as the reason for the violent behavior. Symbolic Modelling is a variation on this process, whereby watching violent programmes may be a factor in encouraging violent behavior which is not directly imitated but which has been generalized from the specific behavior demonstrated in the media. Identification In another modified version of the imitation theory, it is argued that viewers tend to adopt the aggressive behavior of characters only if they identify with them and if the characters behavior is seen to be justified. Obviously, people are more likely to imitate the behavior of an attractive model than a less attractive one, and empathy is likely to heighten this tendency. Vicarious Reinforcement: If violence is reinforced by being seen to pay off for the aggressor this may promote its acceptability to the viewer compared with violence which is punished or unproductive. We have already referred to one such example in one of the Bandura studies. Both vicarious reinforcement and identification may mean that aggression by goodies can be more of a problem with children than that of baddies. Criticism of aggressive acts either within the programme itself or by co-viewers tends to reduce imitation by children. Perceived Reality: Another variation of modeling which lacks an agreed label is imitation subject to the degree of perceived reality. Some studies (eg Feshbach 1976) have shown cartoon violence to have a less negative influence on childrens behavior than more realistic violence. Instigation/Arousal According to this variation on modeling, those who are already in a state of high emotional or physiological arousal (which may itself have been influenced by TV) are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior in response to watching a violent incident on TV than are others. Leonard Berkowitz found that if viewers of a violent film were made angry or frustrated before they watched it, they expressed more aggression than those who were not already angry or frustrated. We may also note that heavy viewers tend to be less emotionally aroused by violent TV itself than do light viewers (Gunter McAleer, 1990). Related to the influence of arousal, some commentators refer to reinforcement in a general sense, meaning that TV violence has relatively little independent influence on behavior, but tends to reinforce any aggressive attitudes and behavior which may already exist. Some also refer to this as pre observation reinforcement. The more general argument of reinforcement is that the more aggressive tendencies are reinforced in this way, the more likely it will be that they will produce aggressive behavior. Sensitization is a sort of reverse modeling, whereby viewers react so strongly to some extreme example of realistic violence that they are less likely to imitate it. Ethical considerations mean that its not much studied. Where viewing of violence is light sensitization may be more likely than desensitization. Catharsis (or symbolic catharsis): As we have seen, Seymour Feshbach (1955; Feshbach Singer, 1971) has argued (rather differently from all the varieties of modelling theory) that fantasy violence can have a cathartic effect on viewers, defusing latent aggression, and reducing the possibility of aggressive behaviour. People often report feeling better after watching a really scary film. Note that this theory, which suggests that aggressive behavior television may not have harmful effects, is often si ngled out for an attack, as in the case of the study already referred to by Feshbach and Singer. A serious objection, though, is that the content of TV programmes may be partly responsible for any pent-up aggression or anxieties in the first place! Certainly, theres no doub that TV characters enter into childrens dreams, and TV-inspired fantasies may not only inspire nightmares but may also perform a valuable role in developing defenses against the real or imagined vulnerability. Another version of catharsis theory is that watching violent programmes decreases levels of arousal, leaving viewers less prone to aggressive behavior. Longer Term Influence Disinhibition This related theory formerly advanced by Leonard Berkowitz suggests that people are naturally aggressive, but that they normally repress this aggression. Heavy viewing of violent TV weakens their inhibitions and leads them to feel that aggression is acceptable. Desensitization The notion of desensitization involves the argument that heavy viewing of violent TV over time conditions viewers gradually to accept violence as normal, dulling their sensitivity to aggressive behavior in everyday life. The conditions of ordinary TV viewing may encourage us to relax and enjoy violent images. Arousal declines as the viewing of violence becomes routinized. Drabman Thomas (1984) found that children of 8 to 10 shown a video of aggressive behavior took longer to intervene in apparently real-life violence between two younger children they were left in charge of than children who had not seen the video. However, such studies are still artificially lab-based and do not explore childrens own thoughts and feelings. The origin of such theories is again in the behaviouristic tradition of behavior modification. Observations suggesting densitization may, in fact, have been observing the development of childrens defenses against anxiety. TV viewing may influence not only behavior but also attitudes and beliefs Value Reinforcement: Whilst this doesnt have a technical label, this refers to the theory that TV programmes may reinforce certain values about the use of violence (rather than directly influencing behavior). Programmes where violence is used frequently to settle disputes reinforce the value that aggressive behavior is acceptable. Cultivation Theory: George Gerbner and his colleagues in the USA argue that the most significant effects of TV violence are ideological rather than behavioral. Gerbner sees TV as a modern opiate of the people, serving as a tranquilizer which legitimates the current social order. He has shown that there is a correlation between TV viewing and viewers estimations of the frequency of violence in the everyday world. Heavy viewers are more likely to mistrust other people and to experience fear and insecurity, and therefore to support stronger forms of policing and social control. However, Gerbner makes no allowance for the variety of individual interpretations or for the kind of programmes involved. It may be that more fearful people are drawn to watching more TV. And other social and personality factors may counter such cultivation.

Report ( Trade to Flobal Security ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report ( Trade to Flobal Security ) - Essay Example This is to establish that economic growth and human development are inseparable from rule of good governance and law (UNDP Human Development Report, 1996). It is against this background that the ECOWAS Commission has a keen interest in the political situation in member States. As the President of the ECOWAS Commission, I was mandated by the Commission to lead a mediation team to the Republic of Cote d’Ivoire for talks for a possible step-down by the incumbent president, Laurent Gbagbo following his lost in the November 28, 2010 General Elections held in that country. This reason presents details of the said mediation effort; outlining the program structure adopted, key aims and objectives of the program, successes as well as challenges faced. Means and Schedule adopted for the Mediation Effort As this is the very first step taken by the ECOWAS Commission towards the looming political crisis in the Ivory Coast, the team resolved to use â€Å"tactical diplomacy with a carrot-an d-stick dimension, though† (Kabs-Kanu, 2010) nothing else than Peace Talks. This approach is backed by other global bodies such as The United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) who has so far said that it is still too early to apply any military force (Graphic Ghana, 2011). For this reason, the mediation team planned four major meeting which were held in the Ivory Coast. Two meetings each were held on each side of the agitators: that Mr. Lauran Gbagbo and Mr. Alassane Ouattara. On each side, the team meet the main leaders who are Mr. Gbagbo and Ouattara and leaders of their forces. It was a four-day schedule to allow for comprehensive discussions with each group met. The meetings which started two days after the ECOWAS Summit in Abuja was led by the President of the ECOWAS Commission and five other members of the Commission who the Heads of State of Gambia, Liberia, Gabon, Burkina Faso and Ghana. The meetings, which were held behind closed doors and amidst tight security saw all four groups welcome us warmly and presenting their cases in passionate manners. Key aims and objectives involved in the peace mission The Mediation Team set out with one primary aim, which was to convince Mr. Gbagbo to humbly step-down following that â€Å"ECOWAS, the African Union and the United Nations all recognize results showing Ouattara as the winner of that election† (Voice of America, 2011). To achieve this broad aim, the following objectives were set to lead to the eventual achievement of the aim: 1. Listen to the story from both sides: Talking caution from analysts who â€Å"say the West African nation is on the verge of crisis after both candidates claimed victory and were installed in separate events† (VOA News, 2010), the Commission would continue to be very professional in its mediation effort to ensure that tempers are boiled. To ensure this, the team resolved to give both parties a fair hearing to show that the Commission is not biased though it holds i ts stand that Mr. Gbagbo lost the election. 2. Explain to both sides the need for peace: Central on the team’s discussions was the need for the two leaders and their followers to appreciate the fact that they cannot compromise the peace of the Coat d’Ivoire since peace is needed to for national development. 3. State the stand of the ECOWAS Commission to both sides: As mentioned earlier, the team was clear with the

Chemical Regulation Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Chemical Regulation Policies - Essay Example This is precisely the case with the Kyoto Protocol and the supposedly universal or global policy on the use of chemicals and their disposal, it gave rise to. Focusing on the mentioned, this research paper will undertake a comparative analysis of chemical policies in both the EU and the United States, highlighting, not just the extent to which divergent national interests and goals directed both negotiations and their outcomes but the extent to which the aforementioned ultimately lends to differing degrees of commitment to international agreements and, accordingly, different implementation methods. Growing concern over global warming and the impact of chemical waste on environmental conditions was one of the factors which incited the Kyoto Protocol and which the mentioned agreement supposedly dealt with. As Litfin (1997) notes, negotiations, although contentious, ultimately led to agreement between the variant parties, as an immediate outcome of the realization that, irrespective of national boundaries which effectively imposed national sovereignty upon different segments of the environment, the latter was, in essence, a global common. Accordingly, negotiations over chemical regulations, or any such threat to the environment, had to unfold from within the parameters of that realization; and needed to be founded on an awareness of the transnational nature of environmental issues and the associate imperatives of, not just trans-Atlantic environmental policy agreements but, on global environmental policy agreements (Litfin, 1997). The United States, as did the member states of the European Union, ultimately conceded to the Kyoto Protocols and declared that it would adhere to its chemical regulation policy recommendations. Prior to implementation, however, the United States, in direct comparison to the European union member states, withdrew its agreement through a refusal to ratify the Kyoto Protocols and a subsequent declaration to the effect that it would not adhere to it (Bierman and Dingwerth, 2004). Even as it officially denied the phenomenon of global warming and the role of chemical emissions and waste played therein, the United States determined that the cost of adherence to chemical regulation policies, as defined and designed by the Kyoto Protocol, carried an economically unsustainable cost (Stoett, 2004; Bierman and Dingwerth, 2004. Given the marked, even remarkable difference between the stance adopted by the United States versus that adopted by the European Union, a comparative and critical analysi s of the forces which motivated and governed either position is important. The Nature of Policies In any given policy area there is a range of choices and instruments which policy makers use to design the policy is most suited to their country, their economy and the policy's target group- in this case, the chemical industry. As Elliott (2001) explains, this means that environmental policies which are designed and negotiated on the international level are not binding treaties, equivalent to international law. Instead, they are recommendations and objectives. Moreover, because